![]() IPA equivalents are given in a few cases that may not be clear. ![]() The high central vowels are differentiated by moving the centralizing dot to the left rather than with a cross stroke. The vowel chart is based on the classification of H. ![]() Useful sources explaining the symbols, some with comparisons of the alphabets used at different times, are Campbell (1997:xii-xiii), Goddard (1996:10-16), Langacker (1972:xiii-vi), Mithun (1999:xiii-xv), and Odden (2005). The Americanist notation may be seen in the journals American Anthropologist, International Journal of American Linguistics, and Language. ![]() This same alphabet was discussed and modified in articles by Bloomfield & Bolling (1927) and Herzog et al. In 1916, a publication by the American Anthropological Society greatly expanded upon Boas's alphabet. The influential anthropologist Franz Boas used a somewhat different set of symbols (Boas 1911). John Wesley Powell used an early set of phonetic symbols in his publications (particularly Powell 1880) on American language families, although he chose symbols which had their origins in work by other phoneticians and American writers ( e.g., Pickering 1820 Cass 1821a, 1821b Hale 1846 Lepsius 1855, 1863 Gibbs 1861 and Powell 1877).
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